Welcome back. In this video, we're looking at how to write introductions for the comparative graph questions. So if you remember, this is what a comparative graph looks like. It's a type of graph or a chart where we don't have changes being described over a period of time. We just have a static snapshot of some data. So this is an example of a practice question that you may see on your iOS exam.

In this example of comparative graph, we have a bar graph. And here we have a description of what this bar graph is about. So this description reads, the chart below shows the expenditure of two countries on consumer goods in 2010. So here, we have the data for different consumer goods for two different countries, France and the UK. So now let's look at how to paraphrase this description. You'll recall from the previous video, that the first thing that we do when we're paraphrasing is we think of the different synonyms that we can use.

So in this case, instead of saying shows, we can say, illustrate. Instead of expenditure, we can say amount of money spent. Instead of two countries, we can specify the two countries. In this case, we have France and the UK. Finally, instead of saying, good, we can say products. So once we've replaced all of these words with our synonyms, this is what our sentence looks like.

The chart illustrates the amount of money spent in France and the UK on consumer products in 2010. Now, I want you to note that instead of saying the word products here, we can specify the products that we're talking about. So in our bar, graphic sample, we actually have five different consumer products, namely, cars, computers, books, perfume, and cameras. So instead of saying products, we can list these products. The other thing that you can do is you can change up the word order. So you can move this part on consumer product, you can move it right here, after the word spent.

So once we've done all of that, this is what our final paraphrased sentence looks like. The chart illustrates the amount of money spent on five consumer goods, cars, computers, books, perfume, and cameras in France and the UK in 2010. Let's move on to the next example. This time we have a table question and here's the description of the table. This description reads The table below. gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries in 2002.

So here's our table, and it's giving us information about these products from five different countries. So let's see how to paraphrase this. We'll first look at the synonyms. Instead of gifts, we can use the word illustrate. Now, I want you to note that the word illustrates is not always a synonym for the word gifts. However, in this particular context, we can use the word illustrate as a synonym for the word gifts.

Because the word illustrate fits the context of the sentence, we can use this word as a synonym. So when you're thinking of the different synonyms that you can use, I want you to think of different words that fit the context of the sentence. The word that you use As a synonym has to make sense. Let's move on. Instead of information, we can say data. Instead of on, we can say about.

Instead of consumer spending, we can say how much consumers spend. Instead of different, we can use the word various. Instead of items, we can say, products and services. And instead of five different countries, we can specify exactly which countries we're talking about. In this case, we're talking about Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey. So once we use all of these synonyms, this is what our sentence looks like.

The table illustrates data about how much consumers spend on various products and services in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey in 2002 Now it's also possible to change up the word order in the sentence. So let's do that as well. We're going to move this part here after the word consumers. So once we've done that, this is what our introduction looks like. The table illustrates data about how much consumers in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey spent on various products and services in 2002. So that's our paraphrased question language.

And that's all we need to write for our introduction. Remember, the introduction is only one to two sentences long. Let's move on to our next example. This time we have a pie charts question. The chart below shows how energy is used in an average Australian household. The second chart shows the greenhouse gas emissions which result from this energy use.

So here we have a discussion about both the pie charts that are in our infographic. So it's telling us that the first pie chart is about the Australian household energy use. And the second pie chart is about the greenhouse gas emissions that result from this energy use. So let's go ahead and paraphrase this question language will first look at the synonyms. Instead of saying the first chart and second chart, we can combine them together and simply say, the two charts. Instead of shows we can say represent.

Instead of energy is used, we can say the use of energy. Instead of average, we can say typical. Instead of Australian household, we can say household in Australia. Instead of saying greenhouse gas emissions, we can say emissions of greenhouse gas. Instead of result, we can say result And finally, instead of saying use, we can say, consumption. So once we use all of these synonyms, this is what our sentence looks like.

The two charts represent the use of energy by a typical household in Australia, and emissions of greenhouse gases resulting from this energy consumption. Next, we're going to change up the word order. So we're going to move this word resulting here after the word. And so once we've done that, this is what our final introduction looks like. The two charts represent the use of energy by a typical household in Australia, and the resulting emissions of greenhouse gas from this energy consumption. So that's all you need to do when you're writing your introduction.

You just have to paraphrase the description in the question language, and you can do this in just one sentence. Now let's look at our final example. Here we have a mixed charts question. So here's the description for this infographic. The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive. The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s.

So the description of the question is telling us that the pie chart is describing the causes of worldwide land degradation, whereas the table is showing us the causes of land degradation by region. Let's look at how to paraphrase this question language. First, the synonyms instead of shows will say present. Instead of main will say primary, instead of reasons will say causes. agricultural land can be replaced with farmland. less productive can be stated out degraded, shows can be replaced with highlight, how can be rephrased as the manner in which causes can be stated as factors.

Affected can be replaced with influenced. regions can be stated as areas and during can be replaced with the word in. So once we've used all of these synonyms, this is what our sentence looks like. The pie chart presents the primary causes, why farmland becomes degraded. The table highlights the manner in which these factors influenced three areas of the world in the 1990s. Now notice that in this case, we have two separate sentences.

Now, if you want, you can leave it as two separate sentences for your introduction, because it's fine to have an introduction that one or two sentences long. However, we can improve the quality of For paraphrasing, by making some additional changes. So let's go ahead and make those changes. The first thing that we can do is instead of using two separate sentences, we can actually combine these two sentences using a subordinating conjunction. The other thing that we can do is we can change up the word order. So here we have the word degraded.

We can move this word right here, in place of the word Why? So once we've done that, this is what our final introduction looks like. The pie chart presents the primary causes for the degradation of farmland, while notice that the word while is our subordinating conjunction. This subordinating conjunction is connecting these two sentences together. While the table highlight the manner in which these factors influenced three areas of the world in the 1990s Now I want you to note one more thing when it comes to changing up the word order. In this case, when we move the word degraded here in place of the word fly, we also have to change the form of this word.

So here we've written for the degradation of farmland. So we've changed this word degraded, which is an adjective. We've changed the form of this word, from an adjective to a noun. degradation is a noun. Also, we've added some additional words to fit it into the sentence, we've said for the degradation of farmland. So keep in mind that sometimes when you're changing of the word order, you may also have to change the form of the word from a noun to a verb or a verb to an adjective and so on.

Also, sometimes you may need to add additional words To fit it into the sentence. So I hope that all of this is clear to you. I want to once again point out that when you're sitting in your exam, I don't want you to break down the synonyms for the different words from the question language in this way, you don't have time for this in your exam. Remember, you only have two to three minutes to write an introduction. I've only broken up the synonyms in this way to show you what's going on in my mind when I'm constructing the introduction. So all of this that I've mentioned here, including the synonyms, including changing of the word order, using conjunctions to join the sentences together.

All of this should be happening in your mind when you're constructing your introduction. Okay, you don't have to actually write any of this down on paper. This should be happening in your mind. So I hope that that is clear for you. That is going to be the end of this video. In the next video.

I'm going to show you how to write the introductions for process diagrams. So I'll see you there