Hello and welcome to last formal lecture of introduction to virtual aviation course and named air traffic control. My name is Javed at HRC. So in this lecture on our agenda, we will talk about traffic control and why there is a traffic control in aviation but also in C traffic and so its purpose and then we will talk about air traffic control itself. What is the main components of air traffic control and mind you there's an abbreviation of for that also as as there is for everything in aviation. So it's ATC. So from now on, if I say ATC that means air traffic control.

And so we will talk about also the sectors or different divisions or parts of ATC and then we will talk about airspace and I care codes you may remember IQ from like from the Evolution organizations course evasion resistant lecture. So IQ was International Civil Aviation Organization and they standardized all the names for a ports. So rather than talking about the name of the a port for example, for Istanbul, you can say Istanbul Ataturk Airport. But this Turkish name could be difficult for other languages and can cause mis misunderstanding or confusion. So to prevent that, you may imagine like there's Russian airport names, you know, Chinese airport names and a lot of different languages all over the world. So, in order to make it simple to minimize this risk, IQ coders their eye care codes.

So there are basically four digit codes for every airport in the world registered airports, so we will talk about them. So let's start with traffic control its purpose. So from the pictures of Right side you may notice that we are in a constant traffic in our everyday life and also in our travels Of course, but for traffic we mean add traffic or railroad traffic you know, like road traffic, I mean land traffic, but also for different a transportation public transportation traffic so like a tram why but this is the tram traffic also like funicular systems like cable cards, also for the ships and for the for the pedestrian traffic. So, there are a lot of traffic types. So, the common thing about these old traffic's is the traffic. by its nature it means flow flow of different objects going from somewhere to other places, okay, but there is never one one object or one vehicle going from A to P, but rather there are a lot of objects at the same time.

Simultaneously going from A to B to as you know, sees a lot of different locations. So this requires some form of control over the traffic. Although we didn't don't notice, in everyday life, the traffic lights for example, for the road traffic is a traffic control self. The difference there, you know, like, you know how they work But, so, there for example, if we say a crossroads here, like I can draw it, if we have a crossroads, you know, then, okay, let's just keep it simple. Okay, if we have a crossroad here, then the traffic lights would, you know would work about how to there's a flow coming here, but also there's a flow coming there, you know, and the traffic lights would work. How to separate them you know, because they should not conflict should not get in touch with each other.

That's the main problem. So this flow should not touch with this flow or else there would be you know, crashes or other other problems. At least there's a blockage of traffic okay. So, in order to prevent this traffic lights to some form of traffic control also, if we talk about a air traffic control, but also see traffic control, you may not notice that we use this traffic control term more for sea and air traffic because they have different kinds of rules. Because in the cars in the road vehicles, you can see each other more or less, all the times, but even you don't or if you knew when there's a you know, disagreement, there is a risk of disagreement between two cars, then the traffic lights or traffic signs can give priority to one or another But in ship traffic or NOC traffic or air traffic, the vehicles are so big and the distance is also so big from each other and their movement speeds are high and their maneuverability is low.

So, they can't do their separation on their own without an aid from the air traffic control or traffic control authorities or so to say the systems you know, the AIDS So, that brings us to the main purpose of traffic control is separation. It is two separate individual traffic's, which we call sometimes in air traffic terminology, we say traffic one two traffic to traffic five traffic 70 traffic's we mean that each like each traffic one traffic is each one individual aircraft or one individual, you know, helicopter or a crowd. So, that means in order this separation is the main purpose for traffic control separating individual traffic's separating individual vehicles from each other in their constant flow without disrupting their constant flow. So there's this notion of air traffic control ATC but also there are people who are you know, working as an occupation in ATC, so they're called air traffic controller and the abbreviation has a small o at the end of it Oscar at the end of it, so, ATC co article we can say them.

So, air traffic control is it can have a you know, misunderstanding or stereotypes because people usually say tower control but air traffic controls are not only consisted of tower sector but a lot of sectors. So this a simple meme could you know explain Not so much what my friends think I do about a traffic controlling No, this is a ramp control ramp paid for parking, what my mom thinks I do, okay? And what society thinks I do because they think there are people every day, you know radios their hand and then they are talking to airplanes. So what are they doing? What pilots things I do like this is a good example because here the police officer stops the traffic there in order to you know, provide separation ensure separation from the other kind of traffic so, they are more or less saying what I think I did so, you're not in control of the airplane so much as the as the picture.

But actually, they're doing in front of radars or in the towers by icontact. They are trying to regulate a moderate flow of traffic of aircrafts to separate them. Why because they can't do their out on your own their own because there are a lot of traffic's, you need to see you need to have a bird's eye over them you need an overview of them and know better about the control of their traffic okay. So, this brings us to sectors of air traffic controlling air traffic control and has different sectors but we can, you know, categorize it's two broad categories one is airport control. So, this airport control is related to one one individual airport or you know, airfield, the center or area control is more related to air spaces, okay. So airport control consists of delivery, ground control, target control and approach control.

And central area control is usually one big center that controls a huge airspace that is normally for example a country have their own space of course, and their own rules and their air borders, so to say so but the control of the Whole airspace, usually divided into some, you know, some fields, some areas, some sub areas, so to say and they're all they're all sub areas are controlled from one big radar center. So, this is more or less more or less the center or area control, we will talk about these sectors now in detail one by one. So let's start with delivery. So, in aviation and before the engine even engine, before even aircraft started start the engine before the engine start, even then there should be a flight plan that is filled with a you know standard form in terms of telling details about aircraft to the purpose of flight.

And if it's commercial, you know the level of registration things and then we from which airport, where they will go and at which altitude at which speed and Why are which road so which the true which road it will go? So I'm just oversimplifying things. But yeah, this is this, this is the simple thing. But when we think about the, the flight planning, when we think about the flight plan thing, and there is a certain a sector, there's there are people in the air traffic control a building that they work only to approve this flight plans to give permission to whole of the whole of the flight. Okay, not just to, you know, giving permission for takeoff or landing or blah, blah, just to giving permission to all of the flight itself. So, this delivery sector is just only gives clearance permissions that we call clearance.

Clearance is the permission for whole flight. The oldest Flight but that means that your flight plan is approved. So, they are all only giving instruction about their flight plans approval to the pilots and some details about their flight because normally if you want to fly at a certain altitude, that altitude could be overcrowded and then they can change because they know it, they can change that your altitude so your flight plan could be approved but with minor changes okay. So this is the clearance and they give the instruction of clearance to you. So, mind you before going to ground control, delivery control is not so common. It is only required in a really crowded or busy air field or airport.

So if you wouldn't see a delivery control in an aeronautical chart for an airport, you would think that they the airport wouldn't need it because then Ground Control would take over Delivery function also. So, just to long story short, delivery is only needed when the ground couldn't handle because of the busyness of the airport. So if there is a delivery, there's too you know, to do this job separate from the ground. Normally, if there's no delivery frequency to Ground Control would give the clearance and then Ground Control would be will be normally there and responsible for all the things that happening in the ground as the name suggests, there responsible for a just from when a airport when when an aircraft landed to the wrong way and they as soon as they exit runway, they are under control of the area of the ground control. So the ground control gives permission for taxis from runways to parking and parking to runways.

Okay. Also for engine starts and for push backs, but also for other small vehicles that carry baggage is or few in the in the ground, okay in the in the app run, so to say so, ground control is responsible for all of them. So in this picture you're seeing an aircraft as we're creating this is the correct term vacating the runway and this is a car of follow me we call them follow me cars. So in big airports and when the pilot is unable to find his own way around this is so not so common, this is really rare in rare occasions to there is a car to you know, who knows where the parking would be, and the pilot only just follow this car. So this is the follow me car. So, for ground control, you can see in layout of a you know an airport.

So there are Two runways that crossing. So, for example, you're in the new terminal here. So, the ground control would give you instruction about which through which taxiway you would go to where you know like here and then you're crossing to the runway and you know and coming here and after you enter there, you can just go and go ahead and let me draw the red and you can just take off okay. So, this taxiways named after letters, so, knowing the evolution of the web comes down Sandy here. So you can say uniform or eco here and, but mind you Ground Control responsibility area ends, when a something about runway okay when ends in the borders of two runway runways, belongs only to tower tower is the sector that is responsible For takeoffs and landings and all things happening in the runway, so, for example, if the aircraft would cross here across the runway and this aircraft either Connect needs to connect to the tower frequency and receive a permission for crossing the runway or the ground control would have a permission from the tower for this individual aircraft to give crossing runway permission, but the first one is much more common.

Okay. So that brings us to tower control you can see there in the tower, but I want to correct a misunderstanding here. The Ground Control and a delivery control and tower control the people I mean the people that did it, air traffic controllers that are doing this posts, so to say this position, they're all doing their job inside this tower because they all they treat these three sectors need to see The aircraft or the ground Okay, so delivery should see ground should see and tower most certainly should see drop runway really clearly okay but also the air. So tower you can see from this picture a picture of Ankara assemble airport it's an international airport. So there are parallel runways here. So for example if you're a tower here okay this tower should see if it Ramiz clear of any other you know foreign objects, but also for example, an aircraft just you know, descending onto runway for landing, they need to see and there is a seven mile radius of a normally seven to 10 miles radius of a tower.

That because that's the visible area usually, but they're also having an aid from the radars but they're not only radar controls there. So they are not defined as radar controls, they're getting aid, but they should see the aircraft to give the permission to land or take off. Okay, that's really important. So all things happening about Ramiz takeoffs, landings crossing, getting in getting out the tower is responsible. So that brings us to another type of the, you know, control. This is a bit different approach or departure control.

It's also called radar control because that's only done by radar. So they shouldn't have to be they don't need to be up in the tower with a no glass thing to see windows, but they need to be they can be on you know, lower lower grounds with a radar screen and and then radio to talk to talk with their planes. So, approach or departure is used interchangeably depending on the position. So, there are only one radar, one area of the you know, airport. So, this is the if you see here, this is the physical Go around me and physical borders of the airport. But normally it's you know, air field or you know, Air Terminal area.

Select virtual area rounded, this area a field area is much bigger because aircraft could enter this area or exit it for the aircraft's that taken off, and they need to exit this area, terminal area airport area. And there's departure control departure control ensures all aircraft can, you know, exit this area with separation from each other. So in the air, the separation thing comes really, really crucial because in there, you're so fast and the the distances are so big between you. It's hard to see each other to do your own separation. So departure control helps here, but most crucial part is approached because in departure, you're just taking off and exiting. So, coming different arrows are coming out from the same spot to, you know, go different spots, but the other way around or approach that a lot of different arrows coming, but they have to be, you know, in line to land, but they're all coming at the same time.

So, they need to be ordered, you know, one is coming first under coming then and then the later Okay, this is the thing. So, approach control does that with the help of the radars in the radar, they can see the, the callsign which is the name that they are calling in the radio communication, their callsign or the it's usually their flight number, and their altitude and whether they are descending or climbing. They're heading Their speed and their next destination or also they can you know define labels for each aircraft. So this is an aircraft, this is this direction okay and this is the after dots to show you their last movement okay. So that brings us to center or area control area control is a is different a bit because they are covering whole airspace, but they're not related or they're not interested with lower altitudes they're only interested with higher altitudes where the aircraft's doing their crews.

So there is a there's this phase of a flight, when you take off and you climb, climb, climb and exit the airport area. Then you you follow your own route, which is a predetermined route in your flight plan, but all lots of other aircraft also following their route. So also there is a dead There needs to be a separation there. And also for for an airspace to be controlled, but this happens usually in higher altitude. So, for lower altitudes, each airports have their own control and area and once they exit this area, basically all other plays are filled with area or central controls. So, no not one person can cover all the you know can deal with all the space.

So, they are divided into sub sectors or areas and for every area, there are people dealing with them in shifts of course. So, this is a good this is a good a image to explain the sectors of ATC So, when you're in the ground grant, you just need to have a clearance for all of your flight plan or all of your flight, you will gain this clearance from the ground or if there's a delivery from the delivery Then you need the permission to engine start and push back from the ground and then for taxi and ground gives you the route from which taxiways you need to go to the runway okay then you switch the tower towers give you the you know permission to take off and once you take off and get a bit farther from the airport and they transfer to you to approach and this also called approach by the way departure and approach called the same thing sometimes, but this does do the job for departure for departing air air crafts.

So, this ensures you safely exited their their terminal area, this airfield airspace. So, what also you climb tie and then other spaces switch to ACC area Control Center. When you start your cruise, you may switch to other agencies for example, you take from one country And when you switch the borders to other country you also switching a air traffic controlling sectors ACC sectors and then the ACC other and when you arrive you began your descent and when you enter the terminal airspace, a crafted airport airspace, then approach takes over in makes you in line with the runway and separating you from other aircrafts and then switches to tower and tower give you permission to land and after you land after we exit the runway, Grant takes over and gives you permission to you know go to your gate or onboarding place and how do you get there and give you permission to engine stop and the flight ends basically.

So this is a no Tommy of a flight with detectors of ATC. Okay so that brings us to IKEA codes. As I told you before all the all the air ports in the world is today. ports. They have a A certain four digit ik code to standardize all of that. So in this map, you see the general labels for you know, four areas, okay for some areas, for for example, for whole of Canada, they all their port code, start with C IQ codes for Pacific all start with p for North America or the United States with key kilo and for example, all of the Europe with L. But sometimes for England and Netherlands start with E, they're sitting in the region of E, Eco, and so on.

So, if we take an example for Amsterdam, Schiphol Airport, we would start with E. Okay, because this is the E for for the for the region, and then every country have their own letter. This usually has Have a have something to do with the name of the country, but sometimes not. For example, for Netherlands it's Ah, maybe it's because it's also known as Holland. I don't know. And then for a and m of the Amsterdam, a Alfa and Mike. So echo hotel off mic is the IQ code for Amsterdam Schiphol Airport and it's unique.

It's only defining designating day, this airport, no other. Okay? So this really easy for every pilot around the world to pronunciate and to know, okay. So for airspace, I have an example, as I mentioned before every airspace have their own sub sectors and sub fields, but this also changes from country to country. So as an example, I give an example from my from my own country from Turkey. You know, Normally like currently Turkish airspace currently divided into two FBR.

And this one is unclassified and the other is stumble Fr. However, there's a smart project that is for unifying the FA RS two into one, f IR, I think when I record this video and made the plan, then maybe in the future when you watch it, they will be unified into one big airspace. Okay? And if I are, by the way means flight information region, so you can think of a sub region in the whole airspace so a country has an airspace, and there are some sub regions fers in the in the country. So in the resources section of this lecture, you can find an airspace chart PDF, you can see some different sub sectors of fers and the some smaller sub sectors of FA RS of Turkish airspace and you can see See some airports location with their IQ codes. So, this would be a good practice for you.

So, I really suggest that you go ahead and do it and as an assignment for this lecture, so that would help you about you know, learning how the airspace are suited okay? and wanting to notice there the names of the sub sectors are also started with like IKEA coats for example, for anchor FBR the general name is Lima Tango double alpha and the Lima Tango double Bravo because for one for first the turkey stands in the L region Lima region of iCal, and then the country called Tango for Turkey and then A or B, they, this is custom selected, okay, so this this kind of things. And also, you may notice that the airspace borders are different Then the normal official country borders terabit You know, sometimes more extended to wait to have a connection with other countries. So you can go ahead and check the airspace charts.

Okay, lastly, I have two recommendations for understanding the nature of air traffic controlling one is a game. And I stress that is a game of a simulation. But I selected it deliberately to because it's fairly simple, but also gives you an idea of the life of a air traffic controller. And how does it work? So you can I think it's made by big fat simulations company, airport madness for and they're also wanted three versions. They're also good but for the latest, I think it's 3d as far as I remember.

So you can go ahead and play this game in their it on their website, or you can buy it but this really helps to understand How the aircraft air traffic control works you can be an air traffic control yourself and two separate air aircrafts give permission to them. Also one movie suggestion This is the pushing 10 movie it's an old movie they the the starring the john Cusack and Billy Bob Thornton you can watch it and it's takes place in New York a RTC that's called for for the for the air traffic controlling center for New York Region. And they're they're both air traffic controllers. And the movie really gives a good impression gives it gives us a good a story from the life of an air traffic controller and how do they deal with it? Although it's an old nowadays, the technologies a bit different, but still also good for for as an example.

Okay. So this is the end of our formal lectures. So there are seven videos that you need to watch to, you know finish the discourse. And there will also be some quizzes in between for you to you know, do practicing, and I will be updating the course in the throughout the months coming months. You can also check it. I wish I could add some more quizzes or some more resources, but I will announce them.

So if you don't know how to install the Fleiss matrix team edition, you can check the next video, but if you know if you installed it, and you know how to do the different settings and tweak things, you can skip that video also. So for those who will skip the video, that video that is installation video. I can say that a sincere thank you, too for because you watched it and I hope you like the course and hope to see you in another course. Maybe, and also congratulate you because now you are virtual aviators.