Hello, and welcome to another lecture of introduction to virtualization course. My name is Jeff data Jr. So this lecture is named introduction to aviation phraseology, and we will look into the meaning of phraseology, the word phraseology just in a minute, but first let's see what is our agenda today in this lecture. on our agenda today, we will define first, what is phraseology and we will talk more about understanding the aviation language. So, the language of aviation, as I'm talking now it's English, but this English is a bit different than the common or everyday English. So it's a it's a language of a job.

It's like a terminology but also a phrasal aji. Then we will learn some useful phrases that are commonly used in aviation world. And also Lastly, I will teach you about phonetic alphabet That is also known otherwise known as a NATO alphabet or radio telephony alphabet and the numbers and how they are used. Okay, let's just start. So, in order to answer a question of what is phraseology, I will give you two different sentences from two different occupations. So first, let's first read the sentence and then we can decide which occupation from which occupation is coming.

So the temporal lobe epilepsy composed of recurrent seizures, or med medial or lateral temporal lobe origin. So this sentence is coming from a medical textbook. So it's it talks about a temporal lobe epilepsy, and I think there's a typo here it should be low with II lobe epilepsy. So it is composed of recurrent so happening again and again. seizures of medial so it means medial is closer to the center, central axis of the body or lateral. So it's more far away from the center of the, you know, for example, farther away from the spinal axis or close to the spinal axis of the body, it is temporal lobe origin which means right or left side of the head, lobe origin So, it explains more or less the nature of the seizures of a temporal lobe epilepsy.

Now, here comes another sentence and this sentence tells like this or it is written like this, but it is spelled out like this intercept in the Sierra Tango Radio 05124 put four decimal five miles India Sierra Tango two Bravo killer Zulu Bravo killer Zulu radio once 72 to Yankee alfalfa. So, since you notice that I wrote these letters one by one and I coded them So, instead of saying i or i st I said India Sierra Tango, because for every letter in aviation and there is a there is a there is a saying there is a alphabet spelling that is certain for every language all over the world for example, for I always i is a coded or you know, spelled out like India, okay for us the letter S, we always say Sierra, that's kind of like this but also for the for decimal five in aviation.

And points or commas are not called points or comments. They're always called decimals and but also for the That means distance and all the distance in a day all the distance measures are taken in as nautical miles. So, if we say mile in aviation, it is nautical mile without defining it. So, so, these two sentences are coming from different backgrounds, one is coming from a medical textbook, but other is coming from a aeronautical chart which is coming from aviation world. So, the common point here, they have their own terms, but also their own structure and also patterns and also phrases. So, this brings us to definition of phraseology, which is, it is the study of set or fixed expressions, terms and phrases.

So, you may know from the studying English language there are phrasal verbs. These phrasal verbs are phrases So, they are fixed. They are like a patent complex expressions model mostly used expressions, when you use them apart, they are meaning something else for example, watch an out which means you know, watching something out, you know out, but when they come together which child means Be vigilant or you know be aware of a danger that's coming out or look at something to you know to direct someone's attention to something or child or you know, take care of that kind of meaning. So, they are differently meaning something else part and but they come together they constitute a phrase, that phrase means something else. So, phrase, ology is the study of fixed expressions or terms in aviation. Why do we why we are not calling the this lecture name, not aviation terminology, but a phrase ology is to, you know, represent the significance of a commonality of using phrases in the aviation world.

So always You will come across phrases in the aviation language. Of course, there are terms like going alone. And but there are also a lot of phrases. So phraseology is this but also for the for the phrasal verb I can tell there are phrasal terms, you may you may want to remember the last sentence that we talked about. So, there were always like two or, you know, intercept kind of sentences. And these kinds of small connectors to these variables in the sentence are really phrases because you can always tell the word intercept, no other word or no other synonyms are used to avoid or you know, prevent confusion here.

This goes for also using the decimal. So if someone calls something point, the other calls it's karma or other calls that that's similar That would call cause confusion and there is no room for confusion in the communication of aviation because you're mostly communicating through you know, radio for like a walkie talkie. So, there are a lot of distortions and also delay sometimes and you need to understand each other really really precisely okay. So, the the the the main purpose of learning the language of aviation and in the first place there is a language of aviation created is to deliver a message or you know communicate in the most precise manner, but also the most concise manner most like shortest shortest time or shortest space available, okay. So, you will also see a lot of a lot of abbreviations, so short forms for most of the words.

This is also common in the phraseology, and also the language of aviation. So, now I want to I want to give you an example of understanding the aviation language to talk a little bit more in an example, this is like a joke kind of joke or could be a real logo logging off a you know record of free communication. This is coming from not in aviation communication from a you know, marine from from sea communication from two vessels to ships, but it's also really similar to aviation language because, you may notice that I use the word aeronautical chart but also the nautical mile. So that means the the the aviation and you know, the the marine sciences or marine occupations for CBC occupations. They are sharing a lot of common points indeed lost the most most of the time. traditions.

And most of the phrases and ways of speaking are taken from Marine side of the things to deviation they're carried over to the aviation. So let's start with a log between candidates and Americans. So, Kennedy in ship tells this to the to the radio channel, please divert your cause one five degrees to south to avoid collusion. So, you can already see in the first sentence some of the phrases that that means they are always fixed the same term, but some of the variables can change for example, please is not a must, but this take divert your course, you don't say change your course you always say divert your course, this site the 15 degrees part is a variable it can be changed it can be 1330 degrees or something but mind me saying not 15 but one five. So in order to prevent Another confusion here because if I say 15 Now the question arises 50 or 15, one five or five zero.

Now this prevents is completely one five degrees to sell. So degrees is always there. So this is also phrase to always there, but the south or north, you know or east blah, blah blah, this can be changed, okay, and to avoid collusion so that means Canadians so they're on the radar that another Wessel have a course that in the future that will most probably or will certainly will, you know, have a conflict or with their own course, and there's a possibility for collusion to assert to prevent collusion. They suggest the other party to change their their, you know, course, and the response was from Americans recommend you divert your course 15 degrees to the north. Now, one side is diverting to the south, the other side's divergent North for example, so Then now the variable change, it's still 15 degrees, but you can see divert your course phrases their degrees is there and two is there.

Okay, but here they say no, we shouldn't divert our course you should divert your course. So, this is kind of famous, you know, not not understand except here Kennedy says negative, this is another really common used a verb, you either say negative or affirmative, okay. So negative means no basically the most simple version No, we are not agreed, no negative. But a affirmative means yes, we are on the same frequency or agreed on something we come to an agreement. But for the affirmative. If you say affirmative and negative, for example, in a walkie talkie or radio communication, if someone you know press this push to talk button a little bit later, then the first part is not heard.

For example, negative or affirmative, but the last part is same you know, Tiff TIFF gators, okay? So affirmative negative, then to avoid this kind of confusion, we don't say a formative, but only say a firm. So for a affirmative we use always use the short form a firm, but for the negative form, we all always say negative, okay? So a firm or negative a firm Yes, negative note. So, they say no, you will have to divert your course, blah, blah, blah to decrease to avoid collision, the same thing. So they are not come to an agreement.

Both parties are suggesting the other two change. They don't want to change their own course. Now, things can be heating up. American says this is the captain of a US Navy ship. That means this is the captain speaking to you at the US Navy ship. Now we are a military ship.

I say again, divert your course. And if a Logging, if you've seen a log of communications, if you see all things or capital letters or capital, that means someone is shouting, you know, or like a saying with a really strong tone. So here he says your course kind of say and also say again, as that also a phrase. So if you want to put an emphasis to one of your transmissions, then you want to say again, you want to repeat again, then you say before it, for example, divert your course, I say again, divert your course, something like that. Can I didn't say no, I say again, you divert your course now, you see they're not coming to agreement. Now, Americans have really heating up and, you know, really shouting here.

This is the aircraft carrier USS Lincoln, the second largest ship in the United States Atlantic Fleet. So you know, it's like a ultimatum maybe. We are accompanied by three destroyers, three cruisers. Blah blah, you have a lot of ships coming up if we want to destroy you we can. That's the that's the underlining message here. And they say I say again, that is one five degrees now they're saying spelling really one by 115 degrees north or countermeasures will be undertaken.

So if you if if the collision would be imminent, we won't it's funny but we won't divert our course but we will destroy you. So now the response I think is really hilarious here. Kennedy says, this is a lighthouse, your core so you choose we are a lighthouse. We are not a ship. We are you know, we are solid we are there we are like an island. If you don't, if you want to destroy us, okay, fine, but if you don't divert your course, you will, you know, hit us you will hit a lighthouse.

This is really funny because in order for a in order to understand the vision language, first I think you need to understand some of its you know, subtle traditions and stuff. Culture basically, for this culture. I said this is the DD, you know, the milestone or Cornerstone sentence, the cardinal sentence here at trick sentence that I say they have to be precise, but they have to be short. Okay? precise and concise. That's the thing for days, for example, there's another tradition or there's an I mean, the rule you can say it's a rule also, the rule is the read back rule.

For example, if a air traffic controller, which we will talk about in the next lecture, if an air traffic controller gives you an instruction us in order, for example, like you're clear to take off from runway one five, this is an example then as a pilot or a recipient of this message, you have to read back what the message was, or at least what what you understand from the message. That is, for example, The air traffic controller says you're cleared for takeoff from runway one five. And as a pilot you have to say this we are cleared for takeoff from runway one five. That is really important from after this read bird read back the air traffic controller can say I do negative or a firm. If he says a firm that means okay that Your feedback is correct and the message is understood correctly, okay.

But if they say negative, that means you read back did wrongly or you understood it wrongly, that's the crucial part. Because if with this method, the possibility for misunderstanding is really really small really, really by chance because if you if you don't understand anything, but then you need to reread Beckett when you read Beckett if reading back it So, if you have a mistake, you you will read this mistake back also. And the first the sender message sender would understand that their message is not understood or not correctly transmitted to you. That's really Important, so they're always read back culture. Okay, so let's see some of the phrases that really use common. So takeoff and landing and some of them are really no no difference from the you know, everyday English, but I have to, I have to give a little bit more detail.

Maybe you don't know, for takeoff, that means a aircraft or a hovercraft like a helicopter becoming airborne, so they're leaving the ground. Okay. But there's also as I mentioned, always, there's abbreviations. They're always short forms for takeoff, the short form is to tango or Oscar sotae Oh, so, you may see there are more than one abbreviation. So this is this could be a problem in the first impression, because as I said, there should be always one turn and one saying and one way to say it to prevent confusion, but you may ask okay. There is two forms of abbreviation Wouldn't it cause a you know, confusion.

On the contrary, this is to prevent confusion because if you would see this type of term in a you know in a in Iraq nautical chart for example, and there are some instructions that are written or capital and these in this all capital things, you can see this to, like not take up too, as an English to to go somewhere to do something, this kind of two and the two means for takeoff, then there's a confusion, possibility of confusion. In order to prevent this, they have a one to one with a slash forms or T slash or that means take off, okay, so that means like that. Also, they're always mostly used for dashed verbs like phrasal verbs take off, push Back start up kind of thing, but also to prevent confusion. So, that brings us to second phrase lending. Lending means, you know, touchdown, a an aircraft or hovercraft coming touching the ground again okay and landing also abbreviated as La, l and D or lend, this is also the same thing to prevent confusion but most of most of the time you will see this for the most common form is land, okay.

Climb climbing is gaining altitude so climbing higher and higher in gaining height you're going up and up in the in the atmosphere is always you know, abbreviate this CLB so now I'm not using deviation up yet because we will learn in the next slide to help you so CLB climb descent also means lose altitude. This is also abbreviated as this or this. It depends So how much space you have even some of the digits, spaces can matter. So that means losing altitude. So closing to the ground, you know, losing your height to getting near to the ground, okay? But also for descent, and mind you there are two forms of it in English.

If you call descent with a T at the end, that's the name form. But if you use instead of D at the end, delta T or Tango T, if you Tango t that means a noun form okay? But if you end it with D, that is the verb form, so descending as a verb, okay. So, okay, so, also for taxi, this could be a new one. So these first four ones, you know, taxi is the aircrafts movement and the ground. So this is another light pack.

The cap This is not like a YouTuber or something this is aircraft movement on the ground. This covers this includes the aircraft's coming out of the you know gates or from the from the from the gates or from the parking positions to the runway and in the wrong way they are taking off and in the airport destination airport when they land when they exit around way from the runway to the parking point or the gates where the passengers would be on boarded this mood this parts called TAXI TAXI parts okay the aircraft's moon on the ground that means so this is different and there's no abbreviation since it's a really really short word that's that's not necessary. Cruise cruise means like As you may see in the cars cruise control or cruise ships and they're you know as a as a luxurious trips. So cruise means a level flight that means you're not departing or arriving But you're in the linear and you know smooth road of your travel for example if an aircraft you don't take takes off climbs climb climbs and reaches its clue cruise altitudes the same this is why it's called cruise altitude and they are doing to their cruise and when they are getting near to the airport they are descending and landing again okay.

So, this part called cruise. So, this is also level flight where their altitude more or less not changing, and this is always abbreviated as this with zet Zulu, if you look at for the British accent, or British English, it could be written as with s also, but in aviation English. Never will always use with a Z Zed or Zulu or so, hence the abbreviation is ending with z, not as clear is a different verb, different term also, it means giving someone permission. You may remember my first sentence you're cleared for takeoff from runway one five, that means you have the permission to take off okay? But they don't say have the permission or I request permission for takeoff or you have the permission to take instead we say clear you're you're clear to take off you're clear to land okay? Clear to taxi to blah blah blah okay cleared for engine start clear means you have the permission giving permission.

That's another thing for pushback pushing away from a gate you if you travel with an airliner from a until from now until now, but you may notice that if you bought the aircraft not with not by a bus, and that carried over you and with that letter, but if you directly go into the from the from the terminal building to the aircraft by you know by bridge or gate, it's cold When they are also for the parking positions the other way around, when they are a they are parked For example, this is the parking position here and then then aircraft like this okay. So they are like this and this is the gate terminal building in this gate and mind you the aircraft's cannot by their by the help of their engine, they can't go back because the engines only you know, how can I say providing trust to go forward, not backward, okay.

And so unless they're doing reverse but this is not another thing but the verse wouldn't be used for taxing this only would be used for slowing down aircraft when it's when it's landed. But for tax purposes they are they are they are not using engines for going backwards for this they have a pushback car. This pushback car is like attaching to the first like they did real nose view of the aircraft and pushing it back, back back coming like this. This And either decide and then after after they are coming like this, then they are starting their engine, and you know going forward to where would they would go okay like this. So this means push back. And this is also abbreviated as p slash b also.

And the other term is startup. And this is like a synonym, because I saw it there used sometimes used interchangeably startup or engine start, they're using interchangeably they're me both meaning the same thing as starting engines. So, starting up the engines powering up the engine, so, that means start up this is also abbreviated like this, but also last one flap, flap is also abbreviated like as f LP. This is the moving part of a trailing edge. You know what the trailing edge is, since we talked about in the previous lectures, talked about how about it airfoil profile. So, for example, let me draw it again like this.

So, this part can move like like this, okay? You may see this when when when during the takeoff or during the taxi, if you're sitting in the window seat, you can see this in the UK if you see the wings, they are coming down like the wing profile change wings getting longer and different shape, but after takeoff, you would see they would like you know, retracting them to inside. That's the common thing. This is to change the wing profile to gain lift, more lift for the takeoff or landing. So, this is called flaps, this is like a flip flop minor flap This is like a different this part is moving part is called flap, okay. So this is another example.

Okay, so this brings us to phonetic alphabet. Now you you have this phonetic alphabet and numbers as a PDF in the resource section of this lecture, you can download and study it, but I will go over the pronunciations of the letters, and one by one, but with you, but some of the numbers and how do we call the numbers Socially Important. So, as I said, for every word that is not a phrase that is not a fixed thing. Or a really well known abbreviation, we always I mean, you can see like a site like a special names, you know, not a common name, but a special name, you will always a code or you know, pronounce eight letters one by one. So, this is like this for if, if I would pronounce it like this United States of America, you know, I think it's a common term but I'm just giving an example USA, you would say uniform Sierra, alpha, not USA.

Okay, that's one by one. This goes for the numbers also. So, for numbers you will also call like them one by one even, you know, for example, like this hundred or thousand. You would call them one by one, one or two exceptions. I will talk about them in a minute, but just let let's start with the letters now. Now I will pronounce the letters to times so you can hear the pronunciation.

Now I'm starting from the from the beginning. So, Alpha, Alpha, Bravo, bravo, Charlie, Charlie, Delta, Delta, Echo, Echo, Foxtrot. Foxtrot. Golf. Golf. Hotel.

Hotel, not hotel, but hotel. India, India, Juliet. Juliet. It is better that if if you pronounce it More like GE To be honest, like not like Juliet but Juliet to be understood in best understand radio telephony because you know some of the sounds can be lost in the radio telephone telecommunication. Like when you walk the talk is kind of kilo kilo Lima. Lima, Mike.

Mike, November, November, Oscar, Oscar, Papa, papa, Romeo, Romeo, Sierra, Sierra, Tango, Tango, uniform, uniform. Mind you it's like Yankee like yay sound not II sound uniform. Victor, Victor, Yankee, Yankee Zulu Zulu X ray X ray but X ray X ray, whiskey, whiskey, Quebec, Quebec. This is one of the words that you may hear different forms. Either you can say Quebec or you can say Quebec, but I think Quebec is the more common. Okay, so these are all the letters.

Now it comes to the numbers for zero, we always but always say zero we don't, we never use all four for the zero, we always say 00 the same one, Same to same three Same for in the past the four was pronounced as forward into prevent you know confusion with the four as if like for you kind of sentence in English but nowadays you may hear from the you know radio communications or air traffic Rolling logs or like if you listen to listen them live, you will see like the note no one says like over they say for always, so I'm teaching us four here 556678 Darcy, but for nine, we never called nine always called nine there with an R at the end Niner I don't know what is the reason to that it's used that there but when you look up it a it's always coming from you know from A to B understood in the more to to you know make make the sound stronger in the in the walkie talkie radio tank to not to lose it sounds a Niner also, there's you know, in in maybe German nine means no.

So maybe that prevent confusion, but also always Niner This is not like forward For in this you can say four or four is understood but you never use nine you always say Niner in aviation and for okay for the numbers that you get from the example you also see one five, not 15 one five, or you can say 1000 that's also the same but for for some things like hundred and thousand, there have their own saying, but there are exceptions. You may only use hundred or thousand, when you are talking about altitude, okay. So let me clean this, the ink here, okay. For example, when you talk about a an altitude like 3500 feet. So, remember our motto, remember our motto here, rationale here, precise and concise. Clear be crystal clear Be precise but also you know use less time use less space okay.

So instead of saying 3500 you can say 3500 Okay, this is to also you know distinguish this number as an altitude from other numbers, but this is also like a tradition you don't say 3500 You always say 3500 feet okay so thousand and 100 goes there okay. But aside from this altitude think you always called numbers one by one for example as a as a you know, degree and in a in a contest, for example, you always say like 30 if I say 30 degrees, you instead of saying 30 degrees, you always say 030 Okay, also spell out the first first zero in the beginning, okay? Because this is to prevent the The to two confusion between 30 degrees or 300 degrees because if I wrote like this 300 Okay, when you spell them one by one, if I want spell zero in the beginning three zero or 300 you know if the if the end of the zero wouldn't be heard from the walkie talkie This is common.

If for example if they take out their words from the push to talk button earlier also their last last letter could be lost Okay, then there is a confusion but if you start with zero, that means you're talking about two digit number, not three digit number, okay? That's really important 030 also for decimal as I talked earlier, four points you always say decimal not point not comma. But also as an exception in as I said in FAA in America, there are some differences between rest of the world thought they use instead of decimal they use points. Okay? And they can use points but this is only for america and i think they're also you know, starting to leave this tradition. And so it's best that you learn as decimal okay.

So hundred and thousand but also as another another rule for the for the numbers only for the numbers if there are certain numbers together for example 00 you can call them double zero okay or if there are three of them, for example three, three and three, you can say tree tree tree, but this is better. If you say triple tree. Okay, if there are two together, it is either correct three, three or double three it is either correct, but if they are, you know, three of them coming together at these three of them. It is It's better to say triple three instead of 333. Okay, triple three is better. Or I can say I don't know nine for example nine okay if I say nine Niner okay double minor is also okay, not nine Niner but if I say this nine or nine or nine years takes a while instead triple Niner that's also okay okay.

This is the things that I have to say about this lecture. It would be nice as a you know assignment that you you try out your own name, first name and last name to code it with the aviation alphabet. Also your own, you know, date of birth for example, or you know, ID number in the in the in the aviation numbers, okay. So for example, for my name can say you now is is a phonetic way not writing it down for my name. Charlie echo Victor Delta echo Tango. This is my first name.

My last name is alpha Charlie Alfa Romeo, Sierra Oscar Yankee. Okay, for my date of birth, I won't get the year. I won't disclose that. But the my first for example, the day is 10th of January. So one zero decimal 01 decimal one Niner blah, blah, blah, Okay, I won't give it that's the thing. So you can try out these but also if you see some of the, you know, a shop tables or shelf shop signs or anything with the letters and numbers, try it yourself.

It would be nice. And I hope to see you in the next and last lecture of this course if you don't count the how to install flight simulator extermination lecture. If you don't count it as a formal lecture. I will see you on our last and next and last lecture of air traffic control.