Hello, and welcome to another another lecture of introduction to virtual aviation course. My name is Jeff Ritter, Jr. So, in this lecture, we will look into aviation rules and organizations. This will be a short one compared to aviation history. But this this is unnecessary one, I assure you, so let's dive in. So, before we move on, I need to explain you the different subfields or sub sectors of aviation, as you know, abbreviation is a really big business, sector and market all over the world.

And it's really working like a tick tock like a clock without any problems, any major problems. And it's working in an international world and in the world of aviation, and there is no room for borders. So everything should be settled. standardized and everything should work in compatible in a compatible manner with each other. So that's the really important thing about aviation. So when we think about aviation, there is two big separation.

One is civil aviation. And it means like aside from military purposes and activities, during the aviation activities flying and doing the maintenance, you can just remember the definition of aviation like all about flying, so mean doing the minut maintenance, air traffic controlling piloting and everything about aviation doing them in a civil manner. And this civil aviation also divides into two sub categories. First is the general aviation and the other is commercial aviation. So in general aviation, it means doing this flying thing aside for for purpose aside then the commercial purpose So, if you fly for your own leisure for your own, you know, a hobby time, like most of the private pilots in the US, so like in a touristic manner or just doing observation or doing research or for observation of methodological observations, you will be doing general aviation also some of the flight schools training flights, flight training exercises they have done.

And in their courses, they're also considered as general aviation. But for commercial aviation, we can talk about all the airlines for all over the world and also for shipment of cargo airplanes like FedEx or any other you know, big cargo company like ups maybe. And then for commercial aviation, you can think of a lot of airlines in your own country also, so If you're doing this for money if you're you have a profit in it, you're doing for commercial purposes, then it's commercial aviation. And it's rules and regulations and maybe the world its own. Some terminology differs from general aviation, commercial aviation, but a bigger and major difference also, there is a difference between civil aviation and also military aviation because in the military aviation, you're doing this for military purposes that is to you know, defend your own country or so to say invading another country for you can you can just say this is a military for military purposes, for all of the forum, for example, for my own speciality in my own area in the virtual aviation world is for civil aviation, mainly, I'm not into too much military aviation simulation and normally the Flight Simulator x is not used for military aviation.

Maybe the prepared Lockheed Martin's prepared software could be used and also be been developed for military aviation operations, maybe simulating the operations. But in there's another world for virtual aviation about military aviation simulating the military aviation world. And they are using some other software some some examples are Falcon, BMS simulators. So this is another world. For our purposes, we will focus on more of the Civil Aviation after now. Okay, so about rules of aviation.

We will start with the rules and then we will talk about the organizations that put these rules in place. So for rules of aviation, there's a saying that goes like this rules of aviation are written in blood. So I must you know, I must stress this out, I must insist on doing telling this again and again because it's really, really important and this is the core of this lecture. So rules of aviation are written in blood that means, essentially that if you if you broke a roll rule and then there's an accident maybe and most probably there will be because the rules of aviation are not so flexible, like the, you know, truck traffic and rules of the you know, automobile traffic, road traffic, or, you know, maybe see traffic also or any other rules, but these rules are really strict and then not so flexible.

I mean, if you ignore or break a rule, and you will, most probably have a you know, I trouble with it. So, let's just hope that this trouble is not life threatening, but some of cases and it's really big some proportion of the cases, then the breaking these rules will result in a situation that is life threatening. So you shouldn't take this example or this explanation, as the deviation all over the world is, you know, hold by a threat kind of you know, it's so, so fragile even breaking a rule Can you know result in devastating consequences, this is not like that, but this is to give an idea of the discipline and seriousness of the the the people that doing this working occupation, so as pilots as virtual pilots or flight simulators, you should be aware of this also. So rules of revision have written blood.

That means if a if you break if decide that I told you before, if you break a rule that will result in maybe blood. That's the simple thing there. But also, if new rules would be imposed and put in place, and these rules were affected by the accident and incidents that happened in real life in emergencies happened in real life and we will give you we will be giving examples throughout this lectures to that. So if there's an accident or an incident, and then a authorities come together and change, put some new rules, new regulations, and change the flight training curricula, and then to prevent it for future examples of the same accident. So that's really important thing about the aviation rules. They are not is carved in stone, they are updating they're refreshing themselves, not so frequently, but in a in a, in a way and in a speed that it catches up with the reality and the demands of the new aviation safety rules.

Okay, so this is the most important thing. So for example, you can see the a the accident that Turkish Airlines did during its, you know landing to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. I think in 2009, if I remember correctly, there were only nine people that unfortunately, but the rest is taped, fortunately, but the thing is, there was a issue about the altimeter that is the instrument that measures the altitude the height of you know the flying height of the airplane, and this is connected to autopilot which is also adjusting the speed of the airplane, but also Also the altitude of the airplane for landing. So there was an a disagreement or a miscommunication between the pilots. And I mean that there, there was a captain there's a fo so first officer, as I told you before, the copilot and then there were there were an observer pilot who was in, in training for for this kind of this is called a line training.

So after they got their training in piloting the after they pass their exams before sitting in there, you know, right seat as a fo before they started career as a controllable, you know, the pilot in charge after the captain, of course, they need to, you know, be they need to be supervised and observe the real real line of airlines. I mean, the line the flights, and the cockpit. So this is called line training and there was a pilot doing line training. So This happened because of that, but after this accident, there were air crash investigation was done by statutory authorities and then the Boeing Company, come up with new rules of their operation manuals and also change some of the autopilots mechanisms to take information from an altitude because it's also about a, you know, it's also about machine it was also about a plane not not all about pilots.

So this is an example of updating the rules. But also, you can see this representation. It's not a real picture, but it's an animation of the for today yet until today, maybe the most, you know, most disasters and biggest air crashes in the history accident in history, Tenerife accident Which was happened which happened by the crash of two Boeing 737 40 sevens, so they are both big airliners. So that's why around 500 people dead because of this accident and this was because of a rule broken in also a miscommunication between air traffic controllers and pilots. So one airplane were was crossing the runway, but the other was on the role of takeoff. But it shouldn't be like that.

Because the devil's fork at that day and the air traffic controller had given instruction to you know, not to take off but to wait for other a plane to cross. But the aircraft misinterpreted the sound of the sentence of the air traffic controller from the from the radio and did Read back. So there's a rule of read back in the air air communication, radio communication. So you need to tell back, read back what you have heard. This is to ensure both parties that message is understood. So if I tell you something, for example, 123 and you can say back 123 and that way I can understand that you receive the correct message that you understand me correctly.

But if you read back as 124, then I can understand, okay, you didn't hurt me correctly, then my message was not understood. Then I can repeat my message, no negative, it's not 124 it is 123. And then finally, now, you read back again, as the correct one. Oh, okay. 123 and then it's okay. So, this, this didn't happen correctly, at that time, because of that, many people died.

So this is another example of the rules. So this is a picture real picture. Have another I think turkey airlines accident I'm mostly giving this example from trips accident because I am giving this lectures mostly in Turkey, but also internationally, but I collected these you know, memories here also. So, this is this really old accident, but it happened because of a McDonnell Douglas is an aircraft design a for cargo bay door mechanism, it was built falsely, but also there was an error of no human error also. So, two things come together and then there's inevitable, but after that, authorities, the organizations that I will be I will be talking about in a moment, authorities banned all these types of aircrafts for maybe viq just after the accident, just to stop the operation and try to under And what was the you know, what was the thing that make them crash in the middle layer, so like make them go down in the middle layer.

So this is an example of the power of authorities and these authorities being standard and international because at that time, all over the world, all McDonald's, that specific type of airplanes were stopped have, you know, taken off from operation, they were not taking off. And as soon as they land, they are not allowed to take off again. Because the situation should be understood. And then it's understood that it was about a mechanic mechanical problem about the cargo door and it was replaced, and maintenance workers has another menu, updated menu and also rules were updated. So as an example of this process for all over the world, but maybe in America, you can watch in the National Geographic Channel, there is a show a really successful and popular Killer show. Fortunately, the aircraft investigation and aircraft investigation show and tells the story of air investigations done after the air crashes for all from all over the world.

But mainly in NTSB This is the National Transportation Safety Board in the United States. So, for example, that board is not connected to any ministries or any people they are connected directly to the President. So, they report directly to the president This is to you know, prevent any for example, any corruption in the way not to not to you know, point the finger in the right direction to show to tell the world and report what was the you know, what was the who was was responsible of this accident, you know, which company or which institution which ministry, blah, blah, blah. So, these are really important, but you can watch this show, I will leave a link in the resources section of this lecture. You can go to the webpage of the show and try to watch it. And in when you watch it, you can understand you can see more of examples how their crashes happen.

How do they break rules, and after that, how they're investigated and how new rules imposed. So you can see this process that I'm talking about. So that brings us the second part of our lecture. And this is aviation organizations. So as aviation organizations, there are a lot of organizations that are, you know, local to the countries, but I will be talking about most much bigger ones and international ones, and maybe the most influential ones, but there are no big discrepancies be between them. So there's you I don't want you to understand that that there is there they I don't want to give the message that there's a lot of different authorities and there are a lot of you know so it's a very fights between the rules they there is no contradictions between them.

There are one united aviation rules and all the organizations are like sub divisions of superficialities. So some of them for civil aviation, some of them commercial like a subdivision, some of the most for you know certain places. Okay, so as a list today for I have Iko, Assa EA, EA, se, Iota and then fa so we will be focusing on these four organizations to start with the first one I kill, you can see the logo of it, branding of it on the right. If you take out two wings from this logo, and there's a resemblance to maybe a well known logo, and if you guessed it, the United Nations that tennis correct so I kale is a you know subdivision of Have a connected to United Nations and it's related to aviation for overdose. So, IQ O stands for International Civil Aviation Organization and it is formed by Chicago convention at 1944.

And today, while while I was doing this video today it has hundred and 91 member countries. So, the members of this organization could be countries and then the countries can take for the local aviation authorities can take the main rules and standards of IQ and apply them in their country. And in this way all over the world there could be a standardized aviation, you know, working aviation environment. So, I kill can define the rules of aviation training for all over the world. For example, there are certain Certain types of pilot licenses, for example, private pilot license, and then commercial pilot license and airline transport pilot license, they're the three main ones, but in their curriculum, there are certain minimums and there are certain criteria about how the training should be given how many hours should be on the simulator should be on there, how many hours on the real airplane and how many hours should be theoretical, which exams bla bla bla, so, a lot of main rules.

So, there will be a Chicago convention. And after this, you know, treaty may be between the member countries, there will there are annexes to this treaty to this convention and every annex like an addition like a attachment we can say annex as we call them. So every annex is a defining the the the the main rules and regulations. The areas for example, one NX is about flight training. The other NX is about how the borders should be managed, blah, blah, blah. So, these are examples.

Another organization that we need to talk about is EA sa. So it is this that stands for European Aviation Safety Agency. This is formerly known as j. a. So giant aviation authorities it was and now it's changed for it since 2000. I think, too. It's changed and it's connected to European Union.

It's like a organization for European Union. You can see that their political attains big forces also has their own organizations. But as I said before, they are not contradicting each other, they should work incompatible with each other. There is no other way to for aviation to work internationally. So European Aviation Safety Agency puts put rules in place for more specific rules and for mainly for Europe, but other countries can take an example of them. So if even if you are not in, in part of the European continent, but also you can take the rules as an example, copy these rules and put them in place in your own country local authority.

So as I put the rules for safety, so for example, in IKEA defines the brode regulations, but for details, maybe as a put some rules in place about you know, fastening seatbelts, or, you know, who should enter the cockpit during the flight or not, or, and why not to, you know, get on board, you're not getting good getting on board of an airliner with you know, with a knife or you know, with weapons, kind of, so, there are 32 member countries. Also, disorganization on members could be countries so they are becoming members, countries and actually country could be a member of both IQ and air. So, for example, so, these are like as I said subdivisions, so, I care the main bigger one for all over the world and as connected to that and as a country you can be connected so, but indirectly are also connected IQ.

So, another example is I attack this is different I had a stands for International Air Transport Association So, and this is for only for airlines that doing Air Transport cargo firms cargo companies and airliners that carrying passengers but this is for commercial aviation as you can understand for for ESA and IKEA This is for civil aviation, but also commercial aviation is a part of civil aviation so these rules applies also, but there's also specific rules and organizations for commercial aviation or a transport. So it is founded in 1945 one year later Then I kill in Havana Cuba. So they did the Iota has over 600 265 member airlines now they're not countries but airlines, you can see that add airlines if there become a member of it, they would be you know, have standardized rules and they would have advantages over a non member airliners. So, but also I have to have their own standards and criterion.

So if a airliner would be a member of IATA, you can think of like there there are higher than certain certain criteria, their quality or safety. So I had to put some rules in place, for example, how the tickets should be issued, how the what the passenger rights and how to communicate internationally, or speaking of communication in an international level. Maybe you need you you understand until now But the language of aviation is English as I also talked about in the first lecture, but the language of aviation main communication medium of aviation is English in English, but also for non Western cultures like China or China or Asian cultures or maybe African cultures and I mean there may be there, for example, Greek alphabet, there are different alphabets there are different languages. So, they should be Latin alphabet Latin letters, but, for example, I kill and I attack have their own naming coding systems.

For example, I had to have it have their own three digit naming coding system for an airport for example, in international Ettrick International Airport, which is an Istanbul the coding for Iota is India Sierra Tango is t So, this is for IoT, but these three three digits can be repeated, but not in the vicinity of other airports, of course, to prevent, you know, confusion, but for example, in America you can have another code that is d but not in the vicinity of maybe stumbled, so, not to not overlap. But for ik they are using a four digit code and they are unique. So, no repetition, no repetition in this code. For example, the Iota code for stumbling airport is Lima, Tango, Bravo, alpha. So, they are different, but both of them are being used in the in the aviation world. So this an example the advantages of it.

So which kind of rules can I add, or regulations? I mean, as I said, how the how the refund would be made, how they flies could be cancel, what are the rights of passengers, how the ticket should be issued, and maybe the you know, the limits for Cabin baggage luggage, you know, the the dimensions and the weight could be carried as a cabin language, for example. And the last one, the Federal Aviation Administration stands for FAA, Federal Aviation Administration. This is an organization that's only working for like, it could be a local authority, but it's also really influential. That's why I put them in the list. So they are the local authority for United States, but they're also having influence for like, they're also the authority for maybe the Northern America, the northern North American continent, for example, for Mexico and maybe Canada.

So they are the Federal Aviation Administration. They put their rules for, for these countries, and it's founded in 1958. This is like a, you know, a authority like FDA, for example, drug and food administration kind of does this kind of federal administration things but difference, for example, they're basically putting the same rules and taking rules from IQ and Iota. Okay. But there are certain small differences. Like in the charts, there are the airport charts that we use as pilots.

And they are also you know, international to be used everywhere in the world. But also in the left, you're seeing the chart for FAA system FA style, and on the left, and on the right, you can see the IQ style, this IQ style is used in all over the world. But for FAA style is only used in you know, Europe in America. But there's, as you can see, not big differences. They're basically telling the same thing, but maybe similar or different symbol sometimes, but there are no really big differences. And you can see they're the same you know, as I said, same runways here and same thing.

Coordinate systems and all. But as I said, style is different. So if you are a pilot who are working in iCal countries, I mean aside from FAA aside from America, and if you are, you're working also like you're traveling also to America, you need to have a FAA conversion training. So really small orientation training, but if you receive it, you can understand both of them. So there are a lot of those small, insignificant differences, but you need to know them. So all over all in all, they're really big standardization for all of those.

So that's what the organizations are for, to standardize all the aviation sector for over the world and also the rules to you know, dispel the borders and having a united aviation world to work this aviation because aviation is the either I don't know if I need to say this, but aviation is the most secure way of transportation for today, so For doing this, even though small mistakes or small rule breakings can result in devastating consequences. But also, it's the most secure way because all of the rules are imposed really strictly and applied really strictly. So an all of the sector are having some standards, high standards. That's why this is a really big big working system for all over the world. Okay, this was this lecture for next lecture, I will see you for the next lecture on how the planes fly, we will answer a really popular question.

See you