This chapter summarizes the results from the literature concerning the effects of cold water emerging in skin, muscle and core temperature, which are the topic of section one, and the effects on performance measures as discussed in Section two, and the end of this chapter, a reference list is included which can easily be downloaded in case more detailed information of the studies discussed is wanted. This section summarizes the results from the literature concerning the impact of water immersion on skin, core and muscle temperature. These parameters are regarding the triggers that initiate many different physiological responses resulting into desired effects. skin temperature significantly reduced during and following cold water emerging without prior exercise and post exercise. skin is the first site to respond to the cold exposure and responsible for initiating thermal regulatory changes in muscle and core temperature as well as research sponsors like shivering or sweating. Immediately following cold water immersion without prior exercise, reduction of between 12.6 and 25.2 degrees Fahrenheit have been observed.

Similar reductions of between 10.8 and 32.4 degrees Fahrenheit have been observed following post exercise co border emergence. The actual cooling rate depends on the previous exercise, the body composition and the cold water emergent protocol. The average cooling rates that are important in water are 50 degrees Fahrenheit, is 0.75 degrees Fahrenheit per second, and in one or 59 degrees Fahrenheit, is 0.54 degrees Fahrenheit per second, implying a higher cooling rate with colder temperatures, which is probably explained by the more pronounced phase of constriction, shivering and non shivering thermogenesis. Despite the differences in the rate of temperature change the pattern of skin temperature seems change seems to be consistent skin temperature drops rapidly in the first one to three minutes and reaches a minimum temperature of around eight to nine minutes of emergent. Directly after the cold water emerging the skin temperature tends to rise due to dissipate in a space of denotation though it remains lower than pre intervention for at least 30 minutes.

The exact time cause of this after job in cold water emergencies are known as only a limited number of studies have looked into this. One study of choice and colleagues illustrated significantly lower skin temperatures over 60 minutes following emerging in 48 and 59 degrees Fahrenheit compared to emerging in 95 degrees Fahrenheit and control the rate of recovery to resting values in the first 30 minutes is higher compared to the last 30 minutes. core temperature is also significantly reduced following cold water immersion without prior exercise and post exercise. As water is a good conductor, the process of energy extra It's quite efficient. However, it is evident that cold water emerging shorter than five minutes does not affect core temperature significantly, the core temperature might be preserved via the redistribution of the peripheral blood. When the emerging is longer than five minutes, the response in core temperature is not consistent.

The decrements found are ranging between 0.2 and 4.1 degrees Fahrenheit at 30 minutes post emergent cooling rates for rectal temperature in 41 degrees Fahrenheit water are around 0.1 degrees Fahrenheit per minute. While cooling rate for emerging in 68 degrees Fahrenheit is about 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit per minute. The impact of water emerging in core temperature is highly variable and is impacted by several factors like environmental factors, prior exercise type, thermo regulatory stress, offset differences, the time between end of exercise and start of emerging Individual participant differences, explaining the general differences defined in the literature. A pooled analysis approach of Stephens and colleagues use data of 13 different studies focusing on the core temperature response following cold water immersion and concluded intermittent protocols resulted in a significantly greater decrement. In core temperature compared with continuous protocols. These greater decrement might be related to the frequent thermal change occurring each time the participant move between cold water and the warmer air.

Decreasing water temperature and increasing duration resulted in significant core temperature decrease relatively to the control group, which is in line with what is expected. More extended and intense cooling results in more energy extraction, resulting in a more pronounced core temperature drop. The longer the offset time, the smaller the change in core temperature. It is therefore advice to start with cooling as soon as possible after activity The big difference in core temperature occurred 60 minutes post recovery, potentially this pre cooling effect, in which the enhanced athlete heat storage capacity might enable more work to be performed before reaching critical core temperature is of great benefit for athletes competing in the heat. Muscle temperature significantly reduced following cold water immersion without prior exercise and post exercise. However, only limited studies have measured muscle temperature due to stricter ethical approvals and the higher costs involved.

Besides some variability in responses, even after the same type of post exercise cold water immersion protocol and the same measurement protocol makes it difficult to interpret the real impact of cold water emerging on muscle temperature. Results seem to be dependent on the type of measurements type of protocol used, prior exercise or no exercise time between exercise the onset of cold water immersion and the body composition. superficial muscle tissue is affected by cold water immersion through conduction and convection, which results in absolute substantial temperature differences directly after exposure. The process of conduction and convection in deep muscle tissue is dependent upon the temperature difference of the superficial muscle tissue, as it is not in direct contact with the consoles. When this would be the only process the reduction in deep muscle tissue would show a delay in actual cooling. However, deep muscle tissue temperature also shows a nearly Immediate reduction of the cold water immersion, which is probably the result of cold venous blood from the major things that is flowing back to the central body passing through deep muscle tissues.

After omitting the cold sores, superficial tissue starts to warm up almost immediately and returns to pre exposed values within 20 minutes. Deeper muscle tissue transfers is key to the surrounding call the superficial tissue of the muscle resulting in a continuous straw, which can last over 60 minutes, causing more extended and more pronounced cooling effects. Cold water immersion is typically used after exercise to impact tissue temperature results from a systematic review focusing on muscle temperature identified 10 studies that measured muscle temperature during an after cold water emergent following exercise the duration different from five to 20 minutes in the treatment temperature difference from 48 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit 24 of the 26 cold water immersion protocols significantly reduced muscle temperatures at different depths. The most substantial reduction was minus 19 degrees Fahrenheit at 1.1 inch of depth using a 50 minute protocol at 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Time to return to baseline values and the depth smaller than 0.8 inches is shorter than 20 minutes while the time to return to baseline values at depth large Than 1.1 inch takes longer than 120 minutes.

It remains questionable what the effects of thermal regulatory responses in skin muscle and core temperature to our own performance. As mentioned, potentially lower skin and core temperature at the start of the following exercise beneficial, as the heat capacity might be enhanced. However, a lower muscle temperature, especially concerning power related activities is unwanted, as lower muscle temperature are associated with less efficiency and lower peak powers. In particular cases, for instance, during a warm or springtime trial in professional cycling. In warm circumstances, the ideal situation would be lower skin and core temperature with a high muscle temperature. These thermal regulatory responses are counteracting each other and therefore in practice, the cyclists aim to prevent rise in temperature while reaching optimal muscle temperatures.

The overall effect on skin muscle and cotton The following post exercise cobalt or emergence is summarized in the figure from from white and was an instant significant drop in skin temperature which recovers quickly after emerging a decrease in muscle temperature, with a more substantial reduction in more superficial tissue slowly recovering after reemerging in the drop in core temperature, which peaks long after. In this section we looked into the effect of cold water immersion on skin, core and muscle temperatures. All three are significantly affected. In the next section we will discuss the effects of cold water immersion on performance measures