Let's talk about TCP IP tear drop attack. In fact, it's a very old attack. And in modern networks, all the routers and servers are by default protected against this attack. But I just don't want you to live without learning this. Since this is a famous one. This attack basically exploits an implementation error in TCP IP by exploiting the fragment offset field of IP header.

And as you can remember from the IP fragmentation attack, the concept is quite similar and quite analogous to IP fragmentation attack. However, in this case, the attacker uses to exploitation of TCP IP protocol. Basically, how it works is a victim server receives fragmented packets that is not able to process due to TCP IP vulnerability. In this scenario, as opposed to the method in the previous IP fragmentation, more specific the here that fragment of offset field of IP header points at the starting point of the offset in the fragmented packets related to real packet. If the value of offset and size of one fragmented packet is different from the next one, then the packets overlap. When it happens, the server fails to process incoming packets and it goes down.

How to detect basically requires manual investigation. Or if you have a solution like IDs IPS, you can check for the catches for TCP anomalies rule or something similar. And when it comes to mitigation, basically the foremost method dropping all fragments with an overlapping fragment offset. However, I can assure you that you won't have to deal with the sense all modern devices do that, by default.